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Major Periods in English Literature-Timeline

Major Periods in English Literature – Timeline

        43 Roman empire Invasion of Britain

        303    Emperor Constantine declares Christianity as official religion

        304 Martyrdom of St. Alban

        500s  Anglo-Saxon settlement in Britain

        597    St. Augustine’s mission from Rome to Britain

        658    Cædmon's Hymn (oldest recorded English poem)

Old English Period (600 – 1066)

§  1000  Beowulf (said to be one of the earliest and longest epics in English literature)

§  1020  Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (compiled by King Alfred the Great)

§  1066  Norman Conquest of England (under the command of William the Conqueror)

Medieval Period (1066 – 1485)

§  1190  The Owl and Nightingale  another(example of early English poetry)

§  1215  Magna Carta

§  1348  Chronicles of Black Death (gives accounts of the devastating plague in that period)

§  1367  Langland, Piers Plowman (an early example of an allegorical narrative poem )

§  1370 Sir Gawain and The Green Knight (popular Medieval romance that also refers to King Arthur and round table)

§  1382  Peasant’s Revolt

§  1400  Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales (highlight of medieval literature)

§  1473  First book printed in English (printing in England pioneered by William Caxton)

§  1485  Malory, Morte d’ Arthur

English Renaissance (1485 – 1660)

§  1485  Battle of Bosworth Field (beginning of Tudor dynasty and end of Medieval period)

§  1492  Columbus’s first voyage to New World

§  1516  More, Utopia

§  1535  Reformation – Act of Supremacy (initiated by Henry VIII)

Elizabethan Era (1558 -1603)

§  1564 -1616  William Shakespeare

§  1588  Spanish Armada attacks

§  1590  Spenser, The Faerie Queen (tribute to Elizabeth I)

§  1592  Marlowe, Doctor Faustus

§  1595 - 1596  Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night’s Dream

§  1599  Globe Theatre is built

Jacobean Era (1567–1625)

§  1601  Shakespeare, Hamlet

§  1603  Shakespeare, Othello

§  1603  Elizabeth I dies

§  1605  Gunpowder Plot (Guy Fawkes)

§  1607  American Settlements (begin in Jamestown)

§  1611  King James Bible (the first bible written in English)

§  1616  Shakespeare dies

§  1616  Johnson, To Penshurst

§  1623  Shakespeare’s work compiled and published

             Caroline Era (1625 – 1642)

§  1633  John Donne’s metaphysical poetry published after his death

English Civil War (1642 -1651)

                                            

§  1642  English Civil War (which results in republic)

§  1649  Charles I beheaded

§  1653  Beginning of Protectorate

Restoration Period (1660 -1700)

§  1660 Restoration of monarchy (with Charles II on the throne)

§  1666  Great fire of London

§  1667  Milton, Paradise Lost

§  1688  The Glorious Revolution

The Augustan Age: Neoclassicism and Age of Enlightenment (1700 – 1740s)

§  1702 – 1714  Queen Anne

§  1707  Act of Union

§  1709  Swift, A Description of the Morning

§  1714  Pope, Rape of the Lock

§  1719  Defoe, Robinson Crusoe

§  1726  Swift, Gulliver’s Travels

§  1775 - 1783   American War of Independence

Romanticism (1789 – 1830)

§  1789  French Revolution

§  1798  Wordsworth and Coleridge, Lyrical Ballads With A Few Other Poems

§  1789 – 1821 John Keats

§  1802 – 1804  Wordsworth, Imitations of Immortality

§  1807  Abolition of Slave trade in British Empire

§  1813  Austen, Pride and Prejudice

§  1815  Battle of Waterloo (marks end of Napoleon’s reign)

§  1818  Shelley, Frankenstein

§  1819 – 1820  Keats, Bright Star

§  1820  Keats, Ode in a Grecian Urn

Victorian Period (1837 – 1901)

§  1831 – 1832  Reform Act

§  1834  Abolition of slavery in British Empire

§  1837 – 1839  Dickens, Oliver Twist

§  1841  Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop

§  1842  Tennyson, Ulysses

§  1847  Bronte, Wuthering Heights

§  1850  Browning, Hiram’s Greek Slave

§  1851  The Great Exhibition of London at Crystal Palace, Hyde Park

§  1854  Tennyson, The Charge of the Light Brigade

§  1859  Darwin, On the Origin of Species

§  1865  Abolition of slavery in America

§  1867  Arnold, Dover Beach

§  1870  Elementary Education Act

§  1877  Queen Victoria named Empress of India

§  1890s New Women movement

§  1892  Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper

§  1901  Death of Queen Victoria

By B. Pascal Zwane

Scotland votes 'No': What happens now?

Scotland has voted "No" to independence in the historic referendum on the nation's future.

For now, that means it will continue to form an integral part of the UK - but for Scottish devolution, the process of granting powers from Westminster to the Scottish parliament, it's far from business as usual.

The focus will now be on how the UK government delivers its promise of more powers for the Scottish parliament, based at Holyrood, Edinburgh. Here's what's likely to happen next.

More power

The three biggest UK-wide political parties - The Conservatives, Labour and the Liberal Democrats - agree that further devolution of powers to Holyrood must take place. During the referendum campaign, the partiessigned a pledge to devolve more powers to Scotland, if Scots rejected independence.

A timetable to deliver change was set out by former prime minister - and Scottish MP - Gordon Brown. It was quickly endorsed by the UK-wide parties.

Immediately after the result became clear, Prime Minister David Cameron aimed to show the UK government was grabbing the initiative by announcing Lord Smith of Kelvin, a former BBC governor, to oversee the implementation of more devolution on tax, spending and welfare.

He said draft legislation would be ready by January, as per the timetable laid out by Brown.

Under the former PM's proposals, a "command paper" would be published by the present UK government setting out all the proposals by the end of October.

A white paper would be drawn up by the end of November, after a period of consultation, setting out the proposed powers.

A draft new "Scotland Act" law would be published by Burns Night (25 January) 2015 ready for the House of Commons to vote on.

However, with a UK general election due in May 2015, the legislation would not be passed until the new parliament began.

Party differences

The Scottish Parliament is currently funded through a block grant and the amount it gets is defined by the Barnett Formula - an arrangement for adjusting funds to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland to spend on devolved policy areas, on the basis of population . All three parties are committed to preserving the essence of this mechanism in some form.

And in proposals set out by the parties earlier this year, each offered Holyrood considerably more income tax-raising powers than the Scottish parliament has at present. However, there were significant differences between the parties in the proposed extent of those changes.

Labour wants to give Holyrood the power to vary income tax by 15p in the pound - but not the power to cut the top tax rate on its own.

The Conservatives propose to give Scotland total control over income tax rates and bands. Holyrood would also be accountable for 40% of the money it spent.

The Liberal Democrats propose giving Scotland power over income tax, inheritance and capital gains tax. The party has also touted scrapping the Act of Union between Scotland and England and replacing it with a declaration of federalism.

None of this will suffice for the Scottish National Party, and its leader Alex Salmond, but just as the Edinburgh Agreement, committed Prime Minister David Cameron to honouring the referendum result, the same is true for the Scottish first minister.

Mr Salmond may not like it, but he still heads Scotland's devolved government, so he will play a pivotal role in ensuring the delivery of increased Holyrood powers.

He is expected to fight for a "devo max" - essentially far-reaching devolution - package of powers, likely to include total control over income tax, corporation tax, and air passenger duty, and extensive control over welfare.

The negotiations

UK political parties will have to work through their differences, and come up with a single proposal. But others will also be involved.

In the lead up to the establishment of the Scottish Parliament in 1999, the UK government laid out its devolved responsibilities in a White Paper in July 1997, before they were backed by voters and put into legislation.

Credit for paving the road towards Scottish devolution was given to the Scottish Constitutional Convention, an association of Scottish political parties, churches and other civic groups set up in 1989.

Lord Smith's new body on finalising Holyrood's new powers could in some ways be seen as a modern-day version of the organisation.

SNP future

Nicola Sturgeon could be in the running to take over from Alex Salmond

So what now for the SNP?

In the immediate future, it's back to government - the job to which the SNP was elected by a landslide at the last Scottish Parliament election.

But all eyes will be on its annual conference in Perth - delayed from its usual October slot until November.

For a party which hasn't always had the most harmonious existence, the SNP's shown a remarkable level of discipline since winning office in 2007 - but could that now be in jeopardy?

Alex Salmond has pledged to do his job as first minister until at least the next Holyrood poll in 2016 - but that's not likely to stop some rival politicians attempting to paint him as a sort-of "lame duck", to borrow an expression from US politics.

However, given the enormity of the SNP's last election victory, it is quite possible the party will win the next Scottish parliament election, especially if voters feel Labour has not done enough to win back their trust as a party of government.

There will be an SNP leadership contest at some point - these are known for being interesting - with Deputy First Minister Nicola Sturgeon the clear frontrunner.

But we might see former leadership challengers Mike Russell, Alex Neil and Roseanna Cunningham - all now members of the Scottish government - also throw their hats in the ring.

John Swinney though, Scotland's finance secretary, has ruled out a return to the leadership, a job he held between 2000 and 2004.

Rest of the UK

With increased devolution of powers to Holyrood, many will want to address the so-called West Lothian question: is it fair that English MPs have no say on devolved issues in Scotland, but Scottish MPs at Westminster can still vote on the same issues as they affect England?

A recent poll by YouGov for the Herald suggested 62% of English people believe Scottish MPs should be banned from voting on England-only laws.

Many in Wales and Northern Ireland will also ask whether they should be getting more powers too.

The other issue for Wales is the continuation of the Barnett funding formula, which sees Scotland get more spending per head than the UK average.

Plaid Cymru says the arrangement would leave Wales £300m poorer each year, while Labour has promised to address the issue if it wins the 2015 UK election.

Healing wounds

The Right Reverend John Chalmers wants all sides to commit to the future of Scotland

The debate over Scotland's future has electrified the public - but passion has turned to anger at times, so an early priority will be to bring the nation together.

A first step takes place on Sunday, when the Church of Scotland stages a "reconciliation service" at Edinburgh's St Giles' Cathedral.

The Rt Reverend John Chalmers, moderator of the Church's general assembly, says the idea of the service is "expressing our magnanimity in victory or defeat, or expressing our commitment to working together for the future of Scotland".

By Andrew BlackPolitical reporter, BBC Scotland
http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-29252899